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Squalene isolated from marine macroalgae Caulerpa racemosa and its potent antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activities
Author(s) -
Fernando Ilekuttige Priyan Shanura,
Sanjeewa Kalu Kapuge Asanka,
Samarakoon Kalpa Wishvajith,
Lee Won Woo,
Kim HyunSoo,
Jeon YouJin
Publication year - 2018
Publication title -
journal of food biochemistry
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.507
H-Index - 47
eISSN - 1745-4514
pISSN - 0145-8884
DOI - 10.1111/jfbc.12628
Subject(s) - squalene , antioxidant , chemistry , hacat , nutraceutical , nitric oxide , reactive oxygen species , nitric oxide synthase , biochemistry , traditional medicine , food science , pharmacology , organic chemistry , biology , in vitro , medicine
Evaluating biofunctional properties of marine natural products receives increased attention in recent research. Current study explores the biofunctional properties of Caulerpa racemosa 70% ethanol extract (CRE) to identify bioactive principals. Ethyl acetate (CREE) and hexane (CREH) fractions of CRE indicated potent antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activity. Bioassay‐guided purification of CREH led to the isolation of squalene, which indicated prominent antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activity. Squalene reduced alkyl and hydroxyl radical scavenging and 2,2'‐Azobis(2‐amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) and H 2 O 2 ‐induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Squalene increased protective effects in HaCaT keratinocytes against UV‐induced cell damage by reducing ROS levels. Furthermore, squalene could reduce nitric oxide (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), prostaglandin E2 (PGE 2 ), cyclooxygenase (COX‐2) levels, and some key pro‐inflammatory cytokines in lipopolysaccharide‐induced RAW macrophages. Structure of squalene was confirmed by NMR and GC‐MS/MS analysis. This is the first study to report the isolation of squalene from the macroalgae C. racemosa . Practical applications Caulerpa racemosa is an edible green alga popularly consumed as a salad in South East Asia. The current study highlights the antioxidant and the broad range of anti‐inflammatory functionality of its 70% ethanol extract and solvent fractions. The studies led to the isolation of squalene which also indicated prominent antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activity. Hence C. racemosa possesses nutraceutical and bioactive properties which enable it to be used as a functional food ingredient or in manufacturing cosmeceuticals.