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Morphology, life cycle and management of two invasive subspecies of Papilio demoleus (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae): A review
Author(s) -
Riaz Shahzab,
Johnson Joel B.,
Rasheed Talha,
Wiemers Martin
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
journal of applied entomology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.795
H-Index - 60
eISSN - 1439-0418
pISSN - 0931-2048
DOI - 10.1111/jen.12828
Subject(s) - biology , lepidoptera genitalia , subspecies , butterfly , pesticide , biological pest control , pest analysis , larva , ecology , zoology , botany
Papilio demoleus L., also known as the citrus butterfly or chequered swallowtail, is a common species in the Asia‐Pacific region, with two of its subspecies ( P. d. demoleus and P. d. malayanus ) posing significant threats to the citrus industry in Asia and other regions of the world. Its predominant natural host plants are the Rutaceae for the invasive northern subspecies and Fabaceae for the southern subspecies. The morphology and development of this species are reasonably well studied, although further information is required on its natural mortality rates and environmental tolerance in order to accurately predict its future potential spread throughout the Middle East and Central Americas. Synthetic pyrethroids such as deltamethrin are highly effective for the control of P. demoleus larvae. However, better control is likely to be found using an integrated approach to pest management, incorporating techniques such as biocontrol agents, microbial pesticides and phytopesticides, in conjunction with synthetic pesticides where required.