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Aims/Introduction  The involvement of glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide ( GIP ) on inflammation was explored in atherosclerosis and adipose tissue. Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory disease, and is considered one of the diabetic complications. In the present study, to examine the effect of  GIP  on periodontitis, we induced experimental periodontitis in glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor‐knockout mice ( GIPRKO ). We also investigated the anti‐inflammatory effect of  GIP  in a culture system.    Materials and Methods  Experimental periodontitis was induced by ligature wire in  GIPRKO  and C57 BL /C mice. Two weeks after the ligature, immunohistological evaluation and inflammatory messenger ribonucleic acid expression in the gingiva was examined. To elucidate the role of  GIP  in inflammation, the effects of  GIP  on lipopolysaccharide‐induced gene expressions in  THP ‐1 cells were evaluated.    Results  Periodontitis increased inflammatory cell infiltration, macrophage accumulation and tumor necrosis factor‐α and nitric oxide synthase gene expressions in the gingiva. Periodontitis in  GIPRKO  showed a marked increase of inflammatory cells in the gingivomucosal tissue. Mac‐1‐positive macrophages and the inflammatory gene expressions were significantly increased in periodontitis in  GIPRKO  compared with C57 BL /C mice periodontitis. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed that  GIP  receptors were expressed in residual and infiltrated Mac‐1‐positive macrophages. The  in vitro  study showed that  GIP  suppressed lipopolysaccharide‐induced tumor necrosis factor‐α and nitric oxide synthase gene expression in a dose‐dependent manner. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of  GIP  on lipopolysaccharide‐induced inflammatory gene expressions was at least partially through cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A pathway.    Conclusions  These results suggest the beneficial effects of  GIP  on periodontal disease. In diabetic patients,  GIP  is expected to have a direct anti‐inflammatory effect on periodontitis in addition to its glucose‐lowering effect.

Anti‐inflammatory role of glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide in periodontitis