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Diagnostic shifts in autism spectrum disorder can be linked to the fuzzy nature of the diagnostic boundary: a data‐driven approach
Author(s) -
Tunç Birkan,
Pandey Juhi,
St. John Tanya,
Meera Shoba S.,
Maldarelli Jennifer E.,
Zwaigenbaum Lonnie,
Hazlett Heather C.,
Dager Stephen R.,
Botteron Kelly N.,
Girault Jessica B.,
McKinstry Robert C.,
Verma Ragini,
Elison Jed T.,
Pruett John R.,
Piven Joseph,
Estes Annette M.,
Schultz Robert T.
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
journal of child psychology and psychiatry
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 3.652
H-Index - 211
eISSN - 1469-7610
pISSN - 0021-9630
DOI - 10.1111/jcpp.13406
Subject(s) - autism spectrum disorder , psychology , autism , cohort , developmental psychology , medical diagnosis , sibling , boundary (topology) , pediatrics , medicine , pathology , mathematical analysis , mathematics
Background Diagnostic shifts at early ages may provide invaluable insights into the nature of separation between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and typical development. Recent conceptualizations of ASD suggest the condition is only fuzzily separated from non‐ASD, with intermediate cases between the two. These intermediate cases may shift along a transition region over time, leading to apparent instability of diagnosis. Methods We used a cohort of children with high ASD risk, by virtue of having an older sibling with ASD, assessed at 24 months ( N = 212) and 36 months ( N = 191). We applied machine learning to empirically characterize the classification boundary between ASD and non‐ASD, using variables quantifying developmental and adaptive skills. We computed the distance of children to the classification boundary. Results Children who switched diagnostic labels from 24 to 36 months, in both directions, (dynamic group) had intermediate phenotypic profiles. They were closer to the classification boundary compared to children who had stable diagnoses, both at 24 months (Cohen’s d = .52) and at 36 months ( d = .75). The magnitude of change in distance between the two time points was similar for the dynamic and stable groups (Cohen's d = .06), and diagnostic shifts were not associated with a large change. At the individual level, a few children in the dynamic group showed substantial change. Conclusions Our results suggested that a diagnostic shift was largely due to a slight movement within a transition region between ASD and non‐ASD. This fact highlights the need for more vigilant surveillance and intervention strategies. Young children with intermediate phenotypes may have an increased susceptibility to gain or lose their diagnosis at later ages, calling attention to the inherently dynamic nature of early ASD diagnoses.