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White matter microstructure and developmental improvement of hyperactive/impulsive symptoms in attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Author(s) -
Francx Winke,
Zwiers Marcel P.,
Mennes Maarten,
Oosterlaan Jaap,
Heslenfeld Dirk,
Hoekstra Pieter J.,
Hartman Catharina A.,
Franke Barbara,
Faraone Stephen V.,
O'Dwyer Laurence,
Buitelaar Jan K.
Publication year - 2015
Publication title -
journal of child psychology and psychiatry
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 3.652
H-Index - 211
eISSN - 1469-7610
pISSN - 0021-9630
DOI - 10.1111/jcpp.12379
Subject(s) - fractional anisotropy , psychology , attention deficit hyperactivity disorder , diffusion mri , white matter , cohort , prospective cohort study , magnetic resonance imaging , pediatrics , psychiatry , medicine , radiology
Background A developmental improvement of symptoms in attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) is frequently reported, but the underlying neurobiological substrate has not been identified. The aim of this study was to determine whether white matter microstructure is related to developmental improvement of ADHD symptoms. Methods A cross‐sectional magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) analysis was embedded in a prospective follow‐up of an adolescent cohort of ADHD and control subjects ( N euro IMAGE ). Mean age at baseline was 11.9 years, mean interval of follow‐up was 5.9 years. About 75.3% of the original cohort was retained successfully. Data of 101 participants with ADHD combined type at baseline and 40 healthy controls were analysed. ADHD symptoms were measured with semistructured, investigator‐based interviews and C onners' questionnaires, on the basis of DSM ‐ IV criteria. Fractional anisotropy ( FA ) and mean diffusivity ( MD ) indices of white matter microstructure were measured using whole brain diffusion tensor imaging at follow‐up only. In a dimensional analysis FA and MD were related to change in ADHD symptoms. To link this analysis to DSM ‐ IV diagnoses, a post hoc categorical group analysis was conducted comparing participants with persistent ( n = 59) versus remittent ( n = 42) ADHD and controls. Results Over time, participants with ADHD showed improvement mainly in hyperactive/impulsive symptoms. This improvement was associated with lower FA and higher MD values in the left corticospinal tract at follow‐up. Findings of the dimensional and the categorical analysis strongly converged. Changes in inattentive symptoms over time were minimal and not related to white matter microstructure. Conclusions The corticospinal tract is important in the control of voluntary movements, suggesting the importance of the motor system in the persistence of hyperactive/impulsive symptoms.