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Dental plaque–induced gingival conditions
Author(s) -
Murakami Shinya,
Mealey Brian L.,
Mariotti Angelo,
Chapple Iain L.C.
Publication year - 2018
Publication title -
journal of clinical periodontology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 3.456
H-Index - 151
eISSN - 1600-051X
pISSN - 0303-6979
DOI - 10.1111/jcpe.12937
Subject(s) - gingivitis , periodontitis , medicine , dental plaque , periodontium , inflammation , gingival inflammation , dental alveolus , gingival disease , dentistry , porphyromonas gingivalis , systemic inflammation , immunology
Abstract Objective This review proposes revisions to the current classification system for gingival diseases and provides a rationale for how it differs from the 1999 classification system. Importance Gingival inflammation in response to bacterial plaque accumulation (microbial biofilms) is considered the key risk factor for the onset of periodontitis. Thus, control of gingival inflammation is essential for the primary prevention of periodontitis. Findings The clinical characteristics common to dental plaque–induced inflammatory gingival conditions include: a) clinical signs and symptoms of inflammation that are confined to the gingiva: b) reversibility of the inflammation by removing or disrupting the biofilm; c) the presence of a high bacterial plaque burden to initiate the inflammation; d) systemic modifying factors (e.g., hormones, systemic disorders, drugs) which can alter the severity of the plaque‐induced inflammation and; e) stable (i.e., non‐changing) attachment levels on a periodontium which may or may not have experienced a loss of attachment or alveolar bone. The simplified taxonomy of gingival conditions includes: 1) introduction of the term “incipient gingivitis;” 2) a description of the extent and severity of gingival inflammation; 3) a description of the extent and severity of gingival enlargement and; 4) a reduction of categories in the dental plaque–induced gingival disease taxonomy. Conclusions Dental plaque–induced gingival inflammation is modified by various systemic and oral factors. The appropriate intervention is crucial for the prevention of periodontitis.