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Site‐specific treatment outcome in smokers following non‐surgical and surgical periodontal therapy
Author(s) -
Bunæs Dagmar F.,
Lie Stein Atle,
Enersen Morten,
Aastrøm Anne Nordrehaug,
Mustafa Kamal,
Leknes Knut N.
Publication year - 2015
Publication title -
journal of clinical periodontology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 3.456
H-Index - 151
eISSN - 1600-051X
pISSN - 0303-6979
DOI - 10.1111/jcpe.12462
Subject(s) - medicine , bleeding on probing , periodontitis , gingival and periodontal pocket , dentistry , chronic periodontitis , logistic regression , periodontology
Aim To evaluate the effect of smoking at patient, tooth, and site level following non‐surgical and surgical periodontal therapy. Material and Methods Eighty chronic periodontitis patients, 40 smokers and 40 non‐smokers, were recruited to this single‐arm clinical trial. Smoking status was validated by measuring serum cotinine levels. Periodontal examinations were performed at baseline (T0) and 3 months following non‐surgical and surgical periodontal therapy (T1). At T0 and T1, subgingival plaque samples were collected from the deepest periodontal pocket in each patient and analysed using checkerboard DNA – DNA hybridization. Probing depth ( PD ) ≥ 5 mm with bleeding on probing (BoP) was defined as the primary outcome. Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression analyses, corrected for clustered observations within patients and teeth, were conducted comparing smokers with non‐smokers. Results Clinical parameters significantly improved in both groups ( p < 0.001). An association was revealed between smoking and PD ≥ 5 mm with BoP ( OR = 1.90, CI : 1.14, 3.15, p = 0.013), especially for plaque‐positive sites ( OR = 4.14, CI : 2.16, 7.96, p < 0.001). A significant reduction of red complex microbiota was observed for non‐smokers only ( p = 0.010). Conclusion Smokers respond less favourably to non‐surgical and surgical periodontal therapy compared with non‐smokers, in particular at plaque‐positive sites.