Anchoring Democracy from Above? The E uropean U nion and Democratic Backsliding in H ungary and R omania after Accession

This article analyzes the E uropean U nion's reactions to breaches of liberal democratic practices in H ungary and R omania during 2012–13 in order to assess its capacity to lock in democracy in the M ember S tates. The article finds that a combination of partisan politics and weak normative consensus thwarted the EU 's ability to use the sanctioning mechanism of Article 7. The effectiveness of alternative instruments that EU institutions used – social pressure, infringement procedures and issue linkage – varied across issues and countries. In H ungary, changes to illiberal practices generally remained limited, but differences in the EU 's material leverage explain cross‐issue variation. The EU 's relative success in Romania suggests that it is not necessarily powerless against democratic backsliding. It might require a demanding constellation of favourable conditions for both social and material pressure, but there are grounds for a more optimistic interpretation that material leverage might be unnecessary if the conditions for social pressure are favourable.