Open AccessChanges in transcriptome of macrophages in atherosclerosis
Author(s) -
Chistiakov Dimitry A.,
Bobryshev Yuri V.,
Orekhov Alexander N.
Publication year - 2015
Publication title -
journal of cellular and molecular medicine
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.44
H-Index - 130
eISSN - 1582-4934
pISSN - 1582-1838
DOI - 10.1111/jcmm.12591
Subject(s) - cd163 , proinflammatory cytokine , mannose receptor , macrophage , biology , macrophage inflammatory protein , microbiology and biotechnology , chemokine , macrophage activating factor , scavenger receptor , immunology , inflammation , chemistry , biochemistry , in vitro , cholesterol , lipoprotein
Macrophages display significant phenotypic heterogeneity. Two growth factors, macrophage colony‐stimulating factor and chemokine (C‐X‐C motif) ligand 4, drive terminal differentiation of monocytes to M0 and M4 macrophages respectively. Compared to M0 macrophages, M4 cells have a unique transcriptome, with expression of surface markers such as S100A8, mannose receptor CD 206 and matrix metalloproteinase 7. M4 macrophages did not express CD 163, a scavenger receptor for haemoglobin/haptoglobin complex. Depending on the stimuli, M0 macrophages could polarize towards the proinflammatory M1 subset by treatment with lipopolysaccharide or interferon‐γ. These macrophages produce a range of proinflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species and exhibit high chemotactic and phagocytic activity. The alternative M2 type could be induced from M0 macrophage by stimulation with interleukin ( IL )‐4. M2 macrophages express high levels of CD 206 and produce anti‐inflammatory cytokines IL ‐10 and transforming growth factor‐β. M1, M2 and M4 macrophages could be found in atherosclerotic plaques. In the plaque, macrophages are subjected to the intensive influence not only by cytokines and chemokines but also with bioactive lipids such as cholesterol and oxidized phospholipids. Oxidized phospholipids induce a distinct Mox phenotype in murine macrophages that express a unique panel of antioxidant enzymes under control of the redox‐regulated transcription factor Klf2, resistant to lipid accumulation. In unstable human lesions, atheroprotective M(Hb) and HA ‐mac macrophage subsets could be found. These two subsets are induced by the haemoglobin/haptoglobin complex, highly express haeme oxygenase 1 and CD 163, and are implicated in clearance of haemoglobin and erythrocyte remnants. In atherogenesis, the macrophage phenotype is plastic and could therefore be switched to proinflammatory ( i.e . proatherogenic) and anti‐inflammatory ( i.e . atheroprotective). The aim of this review was to characterize changes in macrophage transcriptome in atherosclerosis and discuss key markers that characterize different phenotypes of macrophages present in atherosclerotic lesions.