Open AccessUrinary sodium excretion and its association with blood pressure in Nigeria: A nationwide population survey
Author(s) -
Odili Augustine N.,
Chori Babangida S.,
Danladi Benjamin,
Nwakile Peter C.,
Okoye Innocent C.,
Abdullahi Umar,
Zawaya Kefas,
Essien Ime,
Sada Kabiru,
Nwegbu Maxwell M.,
Ogedengbe John O.,
Aje Akinyemi,
Isiguzo Godsent C.
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
the journal of clinical hypertension
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.909
H-Index - 67
eISSN - 1751-7176
pISSN - 1524-6175
DOI - 10.1111/jch.14069
Subject(s) - nigerians , medicine , interquartile range , odds ratio , blood pressure , body mass index , confidence interval , population , excretion , urine , demography , environmental health , sociology , political science , law
Assessment of level of salt intake in a population is the first step toward planning strategies aimed at salt reduction. As a surrogate of salt intake, we measured a single 24‐hour urine sodium (uNa) of free‐living 2503 adults in a nationally representative sample of Nigerians drawn from 12 rural and urban communities; and evaluated the community‐level association of uNa with blood pressure (BP). Overall, the median (interquartile range (IQR)) of uNa was 99 (105) mmol, ranging from 23.8 (32.4) in rural north‐central to 172.8 (131.0) mmol in urban northwestern region. Daily uNa was significantly higher ( p < .001) in men compared to women (107.1 vs 93.9 mmol); and urban compared to rural dwellers (114.9 vs 86.0mmol). About one‐half of participants excreted uNa in excess of recommended daily maximum value (86mmol). In a model adjusted for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), level of education, place of residence, and use of antihypertensive medication; being a man (odds ratio, OR 1.69, 95% confidence Interval CI, 1.21‐2.37, p = .002) and being < 60 years of age (OR 1.74, 95% CI 1.23‐2.45, p = .002), were associated with excreting higher than recommended uNa. In a fully adjusted model of the community‐level analysis, urinary sodium, potassium, and sodium‐to‐potassium ratio each showed no significant independent association with both systolic and diastolic BPs. Among adult Nigerians, the median daily uNa excretion was 99 mmol and it had no significant association with blood pressure indices.