Open AccessAssessment of dietary sodium intake using a food frequency questionnaire and 24‐hour urinary sodium excretion: a systematic literature review
Author(s) -
McLean Rachael M.,
Farmer Victoria L.,
Nettleton Alice,
Cameron Claire M.,
Cook Nancy R.,
Campbell Norman R. C.
Publication year - 2017
Publication title -
the journal of clinical hypertension
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.909
H-Index - 67
eISSN - 1751-7176
pISSN - 1524-6175
DOI - 10.1111/jch.13148
Subject(s) - medicine , sodium , dietary sodium , excretion , food frequency questionnaire , urinary system , environmental health , fluid intake , physiology , zoology , blood pressure , biology , chemistry , organic chemistry
Food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) are often used to assess dietary sodium intake, although 24‐hour urinary excretion is the most accurate measure of intake. The authors conducted a systematic review to investigate whether FFQs are a reliable and valid way of measuring usual dietary sodium intake. Results from 18 studies are described in this review, including 16 validation studies. The methods of study design and analysis varied widely with respect to FFQ instrument, number of 24‐hour urine collections collected per participant, methods used to assess completeness of urine collections, and statistical analysis. Overall, there was poor agreement between estimates from FFQ and 24‐hour urine. The authors suggest a framework for validation and reporting based on a consensus statement (2004), and recommend that all FFQs used to estimate dietary sodium intake undergo validation against multiple 24‐hour urine collections.