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Parallel Miocene dispersal events explain the cosmopolitan distribution of the Hypogymnioid lichens
Author(s) -
Divakar Pradeep K.,
Wei XinLi,
McCune Bruce,
Cubas Paloma,
Boluda Carlos G.,
Leavitt Steven D.,
Crespo Ana,
Tchabanenko Svetlana,
Lumbsch H. Thorsten
Publication year - 2019
Publication title -
journal of biogeography
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.7
H-Index - 158
eISSN - 1365-2699
pISSN - 0305-0270
DOI - 10.1111/jbi.13554
Subject(s) - parmeliaceae , clade , monophyly , biological dispersal , biology , cosmopolitan distribution , lichen , lineage (genetic) , biogeography , evolutionary biology , phylogenetic tree , ecology , population , demography , sociology , ascomycota , biochemistry , gene
Abstract Aim Contemporary species’ distributions are shaped by both geography and historical events, such as extinction, diversification in specific areas and long‐distance dispersals. In the most diverse family of lichen‐forming fungi, Parmeliaceae, the Hypogymnioid clade, is an example of an evolutionary lineage comprised of species occurring in temperate to subpolar regions in both hemispheres. Here, we elucidate the timing of diversification events and the impact of historical events on the species distribution in this lineage. Location Worldwide. Taxon Genera Arctoparmelia , Brodoa , Hypogymnia and Pseudevernia (Parmeliaceae). Methods Our sampling focused on the most diverse genus of the clade, Hypogymnia , including c . 70% of the described species. We reconstructed phylogenetic relationships using a multi‐locus data set, estimated divergence times, and inferred ancestral distributions. Results Our analyses suggest that the ancestor of the Hypogymnioid clade occurred in the Holarctic. In each of the four genera, all recovered as monophyletic here, diversification have occurred largely during the Miocene and Pliocene. A number of currently accepted species did not form monophyletic groups, especially in cases where specimens were collected from distinct geographic areas, with multiple, distinct clades corresponding to the geographic region of origin. Our results suggest that only a very few species in the Hypogymnioid clade have cosmopolitan distributions, all of which reproduces using vegetative propagules including both symbiotic partners. Main conclusions While the diversification occurred predominantly in the Northern Hemisphere during the Miocene, a long‐distance dispersal event from the Northern to the Southern Hemisphere, resulted in diversification of a clade of species largely restricted to the Southern Hemisphere. Similar to other groups in this diverse family, our study highlights the need for re‐evaluation of species boundaries among members of the Hypogymnioid clade.