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Basics for ultrastructures in transmission electron microscopy
Author(s) -
Kaarniranta Kai
Publication year - 2019
Publication title -
acta ophthalmologica
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.534
H-Index - 87
eISSN - 1755-3768
pISSN - 1755-375X
DOI - 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2019.5016
Subject(s) - lipofuscin , retinal pigment epithelium , drusen , autophagy , endoplasmic reticulum , macular degeneration , microbiology and biotechnology , retinal degeneration , organelle , extracellular , retina , degeneration (medical) , proteostasis , lysosome , golgi apparatus , oxidative stress , pathology , retinal , extracellular matrix , ultrastructure , biology , apoptosis , anatomy , medicine , biochemistry , neuroscience , ophthalmology , enzyme
Age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex eye disease. Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) degeneration is one of the primary sign in AMD pathology. RPE cells are constantly exposed to oxidative stress that contributes to protein misfolding, aggregation and functional abnormalities during pathological aging. The protein aggregates formed at the cell periphery are delivered along the microtubulus network to a juxtanuclear location. RPE damage secondarily affects on survive of photoreceptors. Main cellular waste in AMD are extracellular drusen and lysosomal lipofuscin. Theirs accumulation is related to decreased ubiquitin‐proteasome system (UPS) and lysosomal autophagy clearance. Endoplasmic reticulum stress, damaged mitochondria, and pigmentation alterations are also associated with the degeneration of RPE cells and photoreceptors. Ultrastructures observed in AMD pathology are showed in transmission electron micrographs.