Clinical evaluation in orbital tumors

Summary The ocular examination should include the best‐corrected visual acuity and intraocular pressure. A neuro‐ophthalmologic examination, including motor and sensory functions, pupillary examination should also be done. During biomicroscopy, the integrity of the corneal and conjunctiva should be checked. Fully dilated indirect ophthalmoscopy should be performed because many orbital diseases cause a wide variety of fundunscopic changes. The major fundal manifestations of a space‐occupying mass in the orbit include retinal folds, retinal vascular changes and optic disk edema and/or atrophy The external examination of the patient should assess the facial features and critically evaluate the symmetry of ocular, eyelid, and orbital structures. Physical examination of the periorbital structures should include inspection of appearance and function, which are commonly altered by a space‐occupying lesion in the orbit. The most important structural feature to rate in the examination of an orbit is proptosis, which is also known as exophthalmos, protrusion, or the displacement of the globe beyond the orbital rim. The position of the visual axis in a proptotic eye may provide useful information.