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Factors influencing the growth and survival of larval and juvenile echinoids
Author(s) -
Kalam Azad Abul,
McKinley Scott,
Pearce Christopher M.
Publication year - 2010
Publication title -
reviews in aquaculture
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.998
H-Index - 47
eISSN - 1753-5131
pISSN - 1753-5123
DOI - 10.1111/j.1753-5131.2010.01030.x
Subject(s) - biology , juvenile , navicula , chaetoceros , salinity , stocking , larva , aquaculture , diatom , juvenile fish , zoology , algae , benthic zone , ecology , fishery , nutrient , fish <actinopterygii> , phytoplankton
Many factors can influence the growth and survival of larval and juvenile echinoids (e.g. diet type, food ration, stocking density, temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, water chemistry and settlement cues), but most of these factors have not been studied in detail with regard to most species targeted for commercial aquaculture production. This review summarizes the state of knowledge on factors influencing the growth and survival of larval and juvenile echinoids. Sea‐urchin larvae are typically reared with either Dunaliella tertiolecta Butcher or Chaetoceros spp . The optimum food ration is in the range of 3000–9000 cells mL −1 and 20 000–60 000 cells mL −1 for D. tertiolecta and Chaetoceros spp., respectively, the concentration depending on larval stage and stocking density. Larvae have been successfully cultured at densities of 0.25–5.00 individuals mL −1 , but the optimum level appears to be 1–2 individuals mL −1 . A variety of benthic diatom species, particularly Navicula spp., can serve as the initial food source for young juveniles. Older juveniles may be fed with various species of foliose macroalgae and/or prepared diets. Most research on larval and juvenile echinoids has been done using ambient salinity and temperature, but some work has shown the importance of temperature on growth rate.