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Amoxicillin use during early childhood and fluorosis of later developing tooth zones
Author(s) -
Hong Liang,
Levy Steven M.,
Warren John J.,
Broffitt Barbara
Publication year - 2011
Publication title -
journal of public health dentistry
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.64
H-Index - 63
eISSN - 1752-7325
pISSN - 0022-4006
DOI - 10.1111/j.1752-7325.2011.00254.x
Subject(s) - dental fluorosis , medicine , amoxicillin , odds ratio , dentistry , confidence interval , logistic regression , risk factor , fluoride , inorganic chemistry , chemistry , biology , microbiology and biotechnology , antibiotics
Objectives: Amoxicillin use has been reported to be associated with developmental defects on enamel surfaces. This analysis assessed the association between amoxicillin use and fluorosis on late‐erupting permanent teeth. Methods: As part of the Iowa Fluoride Study, subjects were followed from birth to 32 months with questionnaires every 3‐4 months to gather information on fluoride intake and amoxicillin use ( n = 357 subjects for this analysis). Permanent tooth fluorosis on late‐erupting zones was assessed by three trained dentists using the fluorosis risk index (FRI) at approximately age 13. A case was defined as fluorosis if a subject had at least two FRI classification II zone scores of 2 or 3. Chi‐square tests and logistic regression were used, and relative risks (RRs) and odds ratios (ORs) were calculated. Results: There were 113 cases and 244 controls. In bivariate analyses, amoxicillin use from 20 to 24 months significantly increased the risk of fluorosis on FRI classification II zones [44.2 percent versus 30.4 percent, [RR = 1.45, 95 percent confidence interval (CI) 1.05‐2.04], but other individual time periods did not. Multivariable logistic regression confirmed the increased risk of fluorosis for amoxicillin use from 20 to 24 months (OR = 2.92, 95 percent CI = 1.34‐6.40), after controlling for otitis media, breast‐feeding, and fluoride intake. Conclusions: Amoxicillin use during early childhood could be a risk factor in the etiology of fluorosis on late‐erupting permanent tooth zones, but further research is needed.