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The Self‐Conscious Emotions: How are they Experienced, Expressed, and Assessed?
Author(s) -
Robins Richard W.,
Schriber Roberta A.
Publication year - 2009
Publication title -
social and personality psychology compass
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.699
H-Index - 53
ISSN - 1751-9004
DOI - 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00217.x
Subject(s) - embarrassment , pride , shame , psychology , social psychology , cognition , self , expression (computer science) , cognitive psychology , neuroscience , political science , computer science , law , programming language
The self‐conscious emotions (e.g., embarrassment, guilt, pride, shame) are a special class of emotions that critically involve the self, including the capacity to form stable self‐representations and to evaluate oneself relative to internal and external standards. In this article, we summarize five areas of recent research on self‐conscious emotions: (a) the cognitive elicitors, or causal appraisals, that generate them; (b) their non‐verbal expressions; (c) the underlying neural processes; (d) the degree to which their experience and expression varies across cultures; and (e) the measures that have been developed to assess them. In each section, we provide recommendations for future research directions.