Open AccessRenin‐Angiotensin System Polymorphisms and Risk of Hypertension: Influence of Environmental Factors
Author(s) -
Forman John P.,
Fisher Naomi D. L.,
Pollak Martin R.,
Cox David G.,
Tonna Stephan,
Curhan Gary C.
Publication year - 2008
Publication title -
the journal of clinical hypertension
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.909
H-Index - 67
eISSN - 1751-7176
pISSN - 1524-6175
DOI - 10.1111/j.1751-7176.2008.08007.x
Subject(s) - medicine , odds ratio , hazard ratio , body mass index , confidence interval , endocrinology , vitamin d and neurology , blood pressure , physiology
Renin‐angiotensin system (RAS) polymorphisms have been studied as candidate risk factors for hypertension with inconsistent results, possibly due to heterogeneity among various environmental factors. We analyzed the association between RAS candidate gene polymorphisms and risk of hypertension among 2722 women and also explored whether these associations varied according to menopausal status, body mass index, and dietary factors. In a main‐effects analysis of all 2722 women adjusted for age and race, homozygosity for the AT 1 R A1166C polymorphism was associated with hypertension (odds ratio, 1.35; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03–1.78). We also found that a novel nonsense polymorphism in the aminopeptidase‐A gene was associated with hypertension among postmenopausal women (hazard ratio, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.01–2.37), women with inadequate calcium intake (hazard ratio, 2.47; 95% CI, 1.29–4.72) and, marginally, women with inadequate vitamin D intake. In addition, angiotensin‐converting enzyme and AT 1 R A1166C polymorphisms were associated or marginally associated with incident hypertension among postmenopausal women and those with inadequate calcium and vitamin D intakes. These data suggest that demographic and dietary factors may influence the associations between RAS polymorphisms and hypertension and could explain heterogeneity in prior studies.