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ATMOSPHERIC SUN PROTECTION FACTOR ON CLEAR DAYS: ITS OBSERVED DEPENDENCE ON SOLAR ZENITH ANGLE AND ITS RELEVANCE TO THE SHADOW RULE FOR SUN PROTECTION
Author(s) -
Holloway Leith
Publication year - 1992
Publication title -
photochemistry and photobiology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.818
H-Index - 131
eISSN - 1751-1097
pISSN - 0031-8655
DOI - 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1992.tb02151.x
Subject(s) - zenith , solar zenith angle , solstice , atmospheric sciences , irradiance , environmental science , sun protection factor , noon , shadow (psychology) , meteorology , diurnal temperature variation , sunlight , physics , optics , astronomy , medicine , psychotherapist , latitude , psychology , dermatology
— Global irradiances measured in seven 5‐nm bands of UV‐B at Rockville, MD (39.1°N, 77.1 o W) on 28 clear days near the summer solstice are convoluted with the erythemal action spectrum of human skin to determine dose rates at various hours of the day. These rates are averaged with respect to solar zenith angle to obtain the diurnal variation of mean dose rate and of the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of the atmosphere (reciprocal of the normalized atmospheric transmissivity) on a typical clear summer day in Rockville. At a 45 o zenith angle the atmospheric SPF is computed to be 2.7 and increases rapidly to greater than 7 at 60 o . Dose rates are integrated with respect to time to obtain estimates of mean doses for various periods during clear days at Rockville in mid summer and near the autumnal equinox. In mid summer the effective erythemal UV‐B exposure during the period when the solar zenith angle is less than 45 o is about five times greater than that during the remainder of the day. These observations provide scientific basis for a shadow rule for solar UV‐B protection: when shadows are shorter than objects casting them, sunburn is much more likely than at other times.