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Bog Bilberry ( Vaccinium uliginosum L.) Extract Reduces Cultured Hep‐G2, Caco‐2, and 3T3‐L1 Cell Viability, Affects Cell Cycle Progression, and Has Variable Effects on Membrane Permeability
Author(s) -
Liu Jia,
Zhang Wei,
Jing Hao,
Popovich David G.
Publication year - 2010
Publication title -
journal of food science
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.772
H-Index - 150
eISSN - 1750-3841
pISSN - 0022-1147
DOI - 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01546.x
Subject(s) - bilberry , vaccinium myrtillus , vaccinium , anthocyanin , berry , chemistry , hep g2 , membrane permeability , cell culture , cell cycle , delphinidin , cell , biochemistry , biology , food science , cyanidin , botany , membrane , in vitro , genetics
Bog bilberry ( Vaccinium uliginosum L.) is a blue‐pigmented edible berry related to bilberry ( Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and the common blueberry ( Vaccinium corymbosum). The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of a bog bilberry anthocyanin extract (BBAE) on cell growth, membrane permeability, and cell cycle of 2 malignant cancer cell lines, Caco‐2 and Hep‐G2, and a nonmalignant murine 3T3‐L1 cell line. BBAE contained 3 identified anthocyanins. The most abundant anthocyanin was cyanidin‐3‐glucoside (140.9 ± 2.6 μg/mg of dry weight), followed by malvidin‐3‐glucoside (10.3 ± 0.3 μg/mg) and malvidin‐3‐galactoside (8.1 ± 0.4 μg/mg). Hep‐G2 LC50 was calculated to be 0.563 ± 0.04 mg/mL, Caco‐2 LC50 was 0.390 ± 0.30 mg/mL and 0.214 ± 0.02 mg/mL for 3T3‐L1 cells. LDH release, a marker of membrane permeability, was significantly increased in Hep‐G2 cells and Caco‐2 cells after 48 and 72 h compared to 24 h. The increase was 21% at 48 h and 57% at 72 h in Caco‐2 cells and 66% and 139% in Hep‐G2 cells compared to 24 h. However, 3T3‐L1 cells showed an unexpected significant lower LDH activity ( P ≤ 0.05) after 72 h of exposure corresponding to a 21% reduction in LDH release. BBAE treatment increased sub‐G1 in all 3 cell lines without influencing cells in the G2/M phase. BBAE treatment reduced the growth and increased the accumulation of sub‐G1 cells in 2 malignant and 1 nonmalignant cell line; however, the effect on membrane permeability differs considerably between the malignant and nonmalignant cells and may in part be due to differences in cellular membrane composition.