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Best practices for the use of animals in toxicological research and testing
Author(s) -
Stokes William S.
Publication year - 2011
Publication title -
annals of the new york academy of sciences
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.712
H-Index - 248
eISSN - 1749-6632
pISSN - 0077-8923
DOI - 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06334.x
Subject(s) - animal welfare , animal testing , risk analysis (engineering) , best practice , distress , animal model , mechanism (biology) , medicine , clinical psychology , biology , ecology , philosophy , epistemology , endocrinology , management , economics
Animal models serve an important role in assessing preclinical safety and efficacy of new medicines and vaccines; however, such assessments can involve significant pain and distress and large numbers of animals. Best practice approaches seek to enhance animal well‐being, minimize or avoid pain and distress, and use fewer animals. Advances in science and technology are providing opportunities for improved mechanism‐based models and integrated safety assessments that will support improved animal welfare and reduce animal use.