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Pharmacologic Administration of Interleukin‐2
Author(s) -
Chavez Antonio Romo de Vivar,
Buchser William,
Basse Per H.,
Liang Xiaoyan,
Appleman Leonard J.,
Maranchie Jodi K.,
Zeh Herbert,
de Vera Michael E.,
Lotze Michael T.
Publication year - 2009
Publication title -
annals of the new york academy of sciences
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.712
H-Index - 248
eISSN - 1749-6632
pISSN - 0077-8923
DOI - 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05160.x
Subject(s) - medicine , immunotherapy , autophagy , cytokine , toxicity , cytokine release syndrome , immunology , limiting , melanoma , inflammation , systemic administration , cancer research , immune system , biology , in vivo , chimeric antigen receptor , mechanical engineering , apoptosis , biochemistry , microbiology and biotechnology , engineering
The development of biologic therapies for patients with cancer has in part been impeded by the extraordinary complexity and intrinsic feedback mechanisms promoting homeostasis in tissue injury, repair, inflammation, and immunity. Recombinant interleukin 2 (IL‐2) therapy was initiated in 1984 based on its role as the prototypic T‐cell growth factor, with novel roles deduced late after its FDA approval in regulating not only effector T cells but also regulatory T cells. Complicating its application, even in the most sophisticated centers, has been the manageable but difficult toxicities attendant on its use in spite of clear evidence of complete responses in 5–10% of treated patients with melanoma and renal cell carcinoma with extraordinary durability lasting now for almost 25 years, thus tantamount to “cures.” Although efforts have been made to diminish toxicity or enhance efficacy the only substantive advance in combination therapy has been the application of tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes and the antibody to CTLA4. A deeper understanding of the “limiting” toxicity associated with mild flu‐like symptoms and more debilitating cytokine “storm” not forthcoming. Here we propose the notion that the systemic syndrome associated with IL‐2 administration is due to global cytokine‐induced autophagy and temporally limited tissue dysfunction. The possible role of autophagy inhibitors to enhance efficacy and limit toxicity as well as possible problems with this approach are considered.