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Differential Roles of Fairness‐ and Compassion‐Based Motivations for Cooperation, Defection, and Punishment
Author(s) -
Singer Tania,
Steinbeis Nikolaus
Publication year - 2009
Publication title -
annals of the new york academy of sciences
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.712
H-Index - 248
eISSN - 1749-6632
pISSN - 0077-8923
DOI - 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04733.x
Subject(s) - compassion , psychology , punishment (psychology) , social psychology , norm (philosophy) , anger , context (archaeology) , blame , cognitive psychology , political science , paleontology , law , biology
The present paper briefly describes and contrasts two different motivations crucially involved in decision making and cooperation, namely fairness‐based and compassion‐based motivation. Whereas both can lead to cooperation in comparable social situations, we suggest that they are driven by fundamentally different mechanisms and, overall, predict different behavioral outcomes. First, we provide a brief definition of each and discuss the relevant behavioral and neuroscientific literature with regards to cooperation in the context of economic games. We suggest that, whereas both fairness‐ and compassion‐based motivation can support cooperation, fairness‐based motivation leads to punishment in cases of norm violation, while compassion‐based motivation can, in cases of defection, counteract a desire for revenge and buffer the decline into iterative noncooperation. However, those with compassion‐based motivation alone may get exploited. Finally, we argue that the affective states underlying fairness‐based and compassion‐based motivation are fundamentally different, the former driven by anger or fear of being punished and the latter by a wish for the other person's well‐being.