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Experiences of Biological Iron and Manganese Removal in Finland
Author(s) -
SEPPÁNEN H. T.
Publication year - 1992
Publication title -
water and environment journal
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.437
H-Index - 37
eISSN - 1747-6593
pISSN - 1747-6585
DOI - 10.1111/j.1747-6593.1992.tb00757.x
Subject(s) - manganese , aquifer , groundwater , filtration (mathematics) , environmental science , environmental chemistry , environmental engineering , water treatment , infiltration (hvac) , chemistry , waste management , geology , engineering , geography , statistics , geotechnical engineering , mathematics , organic chemistry , meteorology
Even though groundwater resources in Finland are adequate, and theoretically the total water consumption could be supplied from this source, in practice only about 50% of the total consumption is from groundwater. There are thousands of unconnected small aquifers dispersed all over the country, and the use of these as water supplies is not economically possible. Biological iron and manganese removal systems appear to be a promising alternative to chemical treatment. In Finland the following biological treatment systems are in use: (i) VYREDOX method; (ii) overland flow method; (iii) slow sand filtration; (iv) re‐infiltration; and (v) biological reactors. Active iron and manganese bacteria play the most essential role in all these applications, and different methods of removal are discussed in detail in the paper.