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Rapid Analysis of 1,4‐Dioxane in Groundwater by Frozen Micro‐Extraction with Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
Author(s) -
Li Mengyan,
Conlon Patrick,
Fiorenza Stephanie,
Vitale Rock J.,
Alvarez Pedro J.J.
Publication year - 2011
Publication title -
groundwater monitoring and remediation
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.677
H-Index - 47
eISSN - 1745-6592
pISSN - 1069-3629
DOI - 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2011.01350.x
Subject(s) - detection limit , extraction (chemistry) , reagent , chromatography , mass spectrometry , chemistry , gas chromatography , groundwater , aqueous solution , gas chromatography–mass spectrometry , solvent , 1,4 dioxane , sample preparation , organic chemistry , geotechnical engineering , engineering
An innovative micro‐extraction of aqueous samples coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in selected ion‐monitoring mode (GC/MS‐SIM) was developed to selectively analyze for 1,4‐dioxane with low part‐per‐billion detection sensitivity. Recoveries of 1,4‐dioxane ranged from 93% to 117% for both spiked laboratory reagent water and natural groundwater matrices, the later having elevated organic carbon content (8.34 ± 0.31 mg/L as total organic carbon). We observed that freezing the aqueous sample along with the extraction solvent enhanced the extraction efficiency, minimized physical interferences, and improved sensitivity resulting in a limit of detection for 1,4‐dioxane to approximately 1.6 μg/L. This method substantially reduces the labor, time, reagents and cost, and uses instruments that are commonly found in analytical laboratories. This method requires a relatively small sample volume (200 μL), and can be considered a green analytical method as it minimizes the use of toxic solvents and the associated laboratory wastes.