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Selection of Surfactants for the Removal of Petroleum Products from Shallow Sandy Aquifers
Author(s) -
Abdul Abdul S.,
Gibson Thomas L.,
Rai Devi N.
Publication year - 1990
Publication title -
groundwater
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.84
H-Index - 94
eISSN - 1745-6584
pISSN - 0017-467X
DOI - 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1990.tb01728.x
Subject(s) - pulmonary surfactant , chemistry , turbidity , aqueous solution , critical micelle concentration , solubility , environmental chemistry , colloid , alcohol , dispersion (optics) , chromatography , micelle , organic chemistry , geology , biochemistry , oceanography , physics , optics
Soil and ground‐water contamination by petroleum products, such as gasoline and oils, is widespread. A laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the relative suitability of 10 commercial surfactants for washing residual levels of automatic transmission fluid (ATF) from sandy material. The surfactants included at least one example for each of four main groups of commercial surfactants: (1) ethoxylated alcohols (nonionic), (2) ethoxylated nonylphenols (nonionic), (3) sulfates (anionic), and (4) sulfonates (anionic). Several properties of aqueous solutions of the surfactants (0.00001 to 5.0% v/v) were measured and used in evaluating their suitability. The extent of dispersion of soil colloids was measured as the turbidity (in formazin turbidity units, FTU) of soil/surfactant solution mixtures. The detergency of the surfactant solutions and the extent to which they solubilized the ATF were measured. The critical micelle concentration, which ranged from 0.05 to 5.0 percent, was measured and used to select the aqueous concentration of the surfactants in washing experiments. The amount of ATF removed from the sand ranged from about 23% by washing with water to more than 80% by washing with ethyoxylated alcohol surfactants. ATF was best removed from the soil by washing with a 0.5% aqueous solution of either alkoxylated alcohol ether, ethoxylated alcohol, or nonylphenol ether sulfate. An ethoxylated alcohol surfactant was selected for scale‐up laboratory and field tests because this surfactant caused low soil‐colloid dispersion and high ATF dispersion and solubilization, and was effective in washing ATF from the soil