Open AccessIDENTIFICATION OF IMPORTANT PRODUCTION VARIABLES AFFECTING HARD PRETZEL QUALITY
Author(s) -
YAO N.,
FLOROS J.D.,
SEETHARAMAN K.
Publication year - 2005
Publication title -
journal of food quality
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.568
H-Index - 43
eISSN - 1745-4557
pISSN - 0146-9428
DOI - 10.1111/j.1745-4557.2005.00032.x
Subject(s) - food science , mathematics , water content , factorial experiment , raw material , moisture , falling number , lightness , chemistry , materials science , wheat flour , composite material , statistics , engineering , computer science , geotechnical engineering , organic chemistry , computer vision
The objective of this study was to determine the importance of raw material and processing variables that influence pretzel quality by utilizing a screening experiment design. Eleven variables were selected based on preliminary experiments, and a two‐level‐11‐factor (211) fractional factorial experimental design was used to screen the variables. Several responses were measured for dough before and after extrusion, for half‐baked and fully baked pretzels. These responses are important indicators of consistency and quality during pretzel processing. Results indicated that flour protein content, the amount of water added to make dough and dough mixing time were important variables influencing dough behavior. Caustic concentration affected brightness of half‐baked pretzels but did not influence the color of the final product. Baking time was the most important factor for both half‐baked product and final product qualities. The hardness of fully baked pretzels was influenced by baking time, temperature in baking oven zone 1, drying time and drying temperature. The color of final products was significantly influenced by baking time, while both baking time and drying temperature affected the moisture content of the final product. A key observation was that none of the raw material or dough processing parameters, within the range tested, influenced final pretzel quality as defined by pretzel moisture content, hardness or color.