Evidence for a calcium‐binding site on the eggshell of Globodera rostochiensis with a role in hatching

SUMMARY Two inhibitors of hatching in Globodera rostochiensis , ruthenium red and lanthanum, have been shown to bind to the eggshell using the techniques of microdensitometry for ruthenium red and X‐ray microanalysis for lanthanum. Neither inhibitor penetrated or adhered to unhatched or hatched viable juveniles. Scatchard analysis for binding of lanthanum and ruthenium red to eggshells gave dissociation constants (K) of K La 32.5 ± 14.0 μM and K Rured 33.5 ± 5.0 μ M respectively. Both values are within the 95% fiducial limits of those shown to cause 50% inhibition of hatch in previous work. Pretreatment with sodium hypochlorite separated an outer part of the eggshell from an inner region which exclusively bound ruthenium red. It is the inner lipoprotein layer that is believed to include the membranes controlling the permeability of the tylenchid eggshell. The rate of binding of ruthenium red was similar for intact and isolated eggshells with 50% binding occurring after 6.11 ± 0.91 min and 4.95 ± 2.38 min but the latter gave a significantly higher maximum binding suggesting that rupture of the eggshells made available additional binding sites on their inner surface. The binding of ruthenium red to the eggshells was pH dependant over most of the range pH 2.8–8.5 with 50% binding, given with its standard deviation, occurring at pH 5.75 ± 0.85. Competitive binding of lanthanum influenced the binding of ruthenium red to the eggshells from which Scatchard analysis gave K la of 176 ± 79 μM. Similarly, calcium influenced the binding but this caused a biphasic plot with high and low affinity binding sites of K“ ca of 0.423 ± 1.16 μm and K‘ ca of 1078 ± 462 μM. The existence of a high affinity site for calcium that also binds ruthenium red, suggests that the eggshell membrane includes a calcium binding glycoprotein as found in some other receptor mechanisms.