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STUDIES IN SOIL FUMIGATION: DISTRIBUTION OF CARBON DISULPHIDE IN SOIL FUMIGATED UNDER VARIOUS CONDITIONS
Author(s) -
HIGGINS J. C.,
POLLARD A. G.
Publication year - 1937
Publication title -
annals of applied biology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.677
H-Index - 80
eISSN - 1744-7348
pISSN - 0003-4746
DOI - 10.1111/j.1744-7348.1937.tb05062.x
Subject(s) - fumigation , soil water , diffusion , carbon fibers , surface layer , soil horizon , environmental chemistry , chemistry , soil science , layer (electronics) , materials science , biology , environmental science , agronomy , organic chemistry , composite material , thermodynamics , physics , composite number
SUMMARY1 Experiments on the lines indicated in the preceding paper but with improved methods confirm that the depth‐distribution of carbon disulphide in soil fumigated by injection is characterized by:a. A high concentration in the zone of injection and immediately below it. b. A rapid decrease in concentration as the surface is approached. c. A somewhat slower decrease with depth below the zone of injection. d. A time‐concentration curve for each individual layer representing a sharp rise to a maximum concentration followed by a slower decline to a low level which is normally reached in about 24 hours.2 Variations in the depth of injection raise or lower the zone of high concentrations without appreciably affecting that in the surface 0–3 in. layer. 3 Increased amounts of carbon disulphide per injection increase the persistence of the effective concentrations of fumigant, without causing any marked change in distribution or in the maximum concentrations attained. 4 Experimental data indicate that the loss of fumigant from treated soil occurs very largely via the soil surface. 5 Effective concentrations of carbon disulphide could not be produced in the surface layer by variation of the depth or amount of the injections nor by covering the surface with sacking. 6 The nature of the concentration gradients of carbon disulphide in soil suggests that movement of the vapour is largely a simple diffusion process, but that in coarse textured or loosely packed soils a gravitational flow (as of a viscous fluid) may occur to a limited extent. There is no evidence that such gravitational flow proceeds to any considerable extent. The concentration of carbon disulphide is uniformly low at all depths after about 24 hours.