Network of gene function and its modification by environmental factors and epigenetic events in the formation of head structures

A few important aspects when considering the etiology and pathogenesis of congenital anomalies are reviewed and discussed using examples related to morphogenesis of the head and craniofacial structures. Namely, the network and cascade of gene functions, modification by environmental or exogenous factors, and morphogenetic characteristics (epigenetic events) of each body part as the result of a genetic program.