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Home‐made carbonated water and the consumption of water and other beverages in German children and adolescents: results of the DONALD study
Author(s) -
SichertHellert W,
Kersting M
Publication year - 2004
Publication title -
acta pædiatrica
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.772
H-Index - 115
eISSN - 1651-2227
pISSN - 0803-5253
DOI - 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2004.tb00847.x
Subject(s) - bottled water , tap water , medicine , water intake , zoology , food intake , anthropometry , food science , water consumption , total energy , toxicology , fruit juice , chemistry , environmental engineering , biology , environmental science , displacement (psychology) , psychotherapist , psychology
Aim: To determine differences in intake of water, drinking water and beverages between consumers (C) and non‐consumers (NC) of carbonated water prepared at home. Methods : Matched pairs design; 3‐d‐weighed diet records; participants of the DONALD Study (Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed Study) aged 2–18 y ( n = 550, mean: 8.2 y). Results : The most important beverage was either carbonated (C: females 265, males 299 g/d) or bottled water (NC: males 267, females 282 g/d) followed by juice (120–174 g/d), soft drinks (134–167 g/d) and milk (84–149 g/d). Water intake from beverages was higher in males (NC: 902 and C: 906 g/d) than in females (NC: 789 and C: 771 g/d). However, total water intake per energy was higher in females (NC: 0.88 and C: 0.91g/kcal) than in males (NC: 0.80 and C: 0.83 g/kcal). C had a significantly higher mean drinking water intake (tap + bottled + carbonated water) in percentage of total water intake (%TW) than NC, and lower mean intakes of milk, bottled water and tap water, respectively. There was a significantly lower mean fat intake in C (females: 32 and males: 33% of energy) versus NC (females: 34 and males: 36% of energy). Irrespective of carbonated water consumption, females had better drinking habits than males, with significantly higher mean intakes of water from food (%TW), water from beverages + food (%TW), and total water per energy. Conclusions: Drinking habits and total water intakes of consumers are quite similar to those of non‐consumers of carbonated water. Females in general show more favourable drinking habits than males.