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Syndromic craniosynostosis: from history to hydrogen bonds
Author(s) -
Cunningham ML,
Seto ML,
Ratisoontorn C,
Heike CL,
Hing AV
Publication year - 2007
Publication title -
orthodontics and craniofacial research
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.664
H-Index - 55
eISSN - 1601-6343
pISSN - 1601-6335
DOI - 10.1111/j.1601-6343.2007.00389.x
Subject(s) - craniosynostosis , apert syndrome , fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 , synostosis , fibroblast growth factor receptor , genetics , mutation , fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 , phenotype , biology , fibroblast growth factor , gene , receptor
Structured Abstract Authors – Cunningham ML, Seto ML, Ratisoontorn C, Heike CL, Hing AV The syndromic craniosynostoses, usually involving multiple sutures, are hereditary forms of craniosynostosis associated with extracranial phenotypes such as limb, cardiac, CNS and tracheal malformations. The genetic etiology of syndromic craniosynostosis in humans is only partially understood. Syndromic synostosis has been found to be associated with mutations of the fibroblast growth factor receptor family ( FGFR1, ‐R2, ‐R3 ), TWIST1 , MSX2 , and EFNB1 . Apert, Pfeiffer, Crouzon, and Jackson‐Weiss syndromes are due to gain‐of‐function mutations of FGFR2 in either the Ig II–III linker region (Apert) or Ig III domain. Loss of function mutations of TWIST1 and gain‐of‐function mutations of MSX2 lead to Saethre–Chotzen and Boston‐type syndromes, respectively. The mutations in Pfeiffer ( FGFR1 ), Muenke ( FGFR3 ), and Apert syndrome ( FGFR2 ) are caused by the same amino acid substitution in a highly conserved region of the Ig II–III linker region of these proteins, which suggests that these receptor tyrosine kinases have an overlapping function in suture biology. In this review we will discuss the historical descriptions, current phenotypes and molecular causes of the more common forms of syndromic craniosynostosis.