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Prevalence and risk factors associated with geographic tongue among US adults
Author(s) -
Shulman JD,
Carpenter WM
Publication year - 2006
Publication title -
oral diseases
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.953
H-Index - 87
eISSN - 1601-0825
pISSN - 1354-523X
DOI - 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2005.01208.x
Subject(s) - medicine , national health and nutrition examination survey , demography , logistic regression , odds ratio , ethnic group , tongue , population , young adult , national health interview survey , socioeconomic status , gerontology , environmental health , anthropology , pathology , sociology
Objective: To characterize the prevalence of geographic tongue (GT) among US adults. Design: Population‐based case–control study Main outcome measures: The presence or absence of GT. Subjects and methods: Data from 16 833 adults examined during The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994 (NHANES III), a study based on multistage probability sampling were analyzed using SAS‐callable SUDAAN 9.0.1. Results: Geographic tongue point prevalence was 1.8% (95% CI: 1.4, 2.3). Multivariate logistic regression showed significant effects of race‐ethnicity, with Whites (AOR = 1.8; 1.3, 2.5) and Blacks (AOR = 1.6; 1.2, 2.1) having greater odds of GT than Mexican‐Americans; current corticosteroid therapy (AOR = 3.7; 1.54, 8.6). Cigarette smokers had lower GT prevalence (AOR = 0.4; 0.3, 0.6). Fissured tongue (FT) was strongly associated with GT among non‐smokers: AOR = 17.5 (7.8, 39.5). We did not find significant associations with age, gender, oral contraceptive use, diabetes mellitus, allergy or atopy, psychological or dermatological conditions as previous research has suggested. Conclusions: Geographic tongue was more prevalent among Whites and Blacks compared with Mexican‐Americans, positively associated with FT, and inversely associated with cigarette smoking.