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Granulocyte chemotactic protein 2 (gcp‐2/cxcl6) complements interleukin‐8 in periodontal disease
Author(s) -
Kebschull M.,
Demmer R.,
Behle J. H.,
Pollreisz A.,
Heidemann J.,
Belusko P. B.,
Celenti R.,
Pavlidis P.,
Papapanou P. N.
Publication year - 2009
Publication title -
journal of periodontal research
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.31
H-Index - 83
eISSN - 1600-0765
pISSN - 0022-3484
DOI - 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2008.01134.x
Subject(s) - chemotaxis , chemokine , granulocyte , periodontitis , interleukin 8 , biology , immunology , inflammation , macrophage inflammatory protein , microbiology and biotechnology , medicine , receptor , biochemistry
Background and Objective: Mucosal inflammatory responses are orchestrated largely by pro‐inflammatory chemokines. The chemokine granulocyte chemotactic protein 2 (CXCL6) is involved in neutrophil recruitment and migration. Previous studies have shown that granulocyte chemotactic protein 2 is up‐regulated during mucosal inflammation (e.g. in inflammatory bowel disease), similarly to the functionally and structurally related chemokine interleukin‐8. Nevertheless, unlike interleukin‐8, a role of granulocyte chemotactic protein 2 in gingival inflammation has not been yet demonstrated. In this study we aimed to evaluate the expression of the chemokine granulocyte chemotactic protein 2 in clinically healthy vs. diseased gingival tissues and to explore possible correlations with clinical and microbiological markers of periodontitis. Material and Methods: Gene expression in 184 ‘diseased’ and 63 ‘healthy’ gingival tissue specimens from 90 patients with periodontitis was analyzed using Affymetrix U133Plus2.0 arrays. The expression of granulocyte chemotactic protein 2 was further confirmed by real‐time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction, western blotting and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, while the localization of granulocyte chemotactic protein 2 in gingival tissues was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Plaque samples from the adjacent periodontal pockets were collected and evaluated for 11 species of periodontal bacteria using checkerboard DNA–DNA hybridizations. Results: Among all known chemokines, GCP‐2 expression was the most up‐regulated (3.8‐fold, p < 1.1 × 10 −16 ), in ‘diseased’ vs. ‘healthy’ tissue as compared to a 2.6‐fold increased expression of interleukin‐8 mRNA ( p < 1.2 × 10 −15 ). Increased expression of granulocyte chemotactic protein 2 correlated with higher levels of ‘red’ and ‘orange’ complex pathogens and with increased probing depth, but not with attachment loss. Immunohistochemistry showed that granulocyte chemotactic protein 2 was expressed in gingival vascular endothelium. Conclusion: The level of expression of granulocyte chemotactic protein 2 correlates with the severity of periodontitis and appears to act as a hitherto unrecognized functional adjunct to interleukin‐8 in diseased gingival tissues.