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Effects of smoking on the ex vivo cytokine production in periodontitis
Author(s) -
Torres de Heens G. L.,
Kikkert R.,
Aarden L. A.,
Van Der Velden U.,
Loos B. G.
Publication year - 2009
Publication title -
journal of periodontal research
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.31
H-Index - 83
eISSN - 1600-0765
pISSN - 0022-3484
DOI - 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2007.01047.x
Subject(s) - ex vivo , medicine , periodontitis , cytokine , porphyromonas gingivalis , immunology , interleukin , chronic periodontitis , monocyte , in vivo , biology , microbiology and biotechnology
Background and Objective: Smoking is associated with increased severity of periodontitis. The underlying mechanisms of this phenomenon are not well understood. The purpose of the present study was to compare the monocyte‐derived T cell directing (Th1/Th2) response and pro‐inflammatory cytokine production in ex vivo whole blood cell cultures (WBCC) of smoking and non‐smoking chronic periodontitis patients. Material and Methods: Venous blood was collected from 29 periodontitis patients (18 non‐smokers and 11 smokers) receiving supportive periodontal treatment, and diluted 10‐fold for WBCC. The WBCC were stimulated for 18 h with Neisseria meningitidis lipo‐oligosaccharide (LOS) or Porphyromonas gingivalis sonic extract (Pg‐SE). The production of the T cell directing cytokines interleukin (IL)‐12 p40 and IL‐10, as well as the pro‐inflammatory cytokines IL‐1β, IL‐6 and IL‐8, was measured in the culture supernatants. Results: After LOS stimulation of WBCC, smokers showed a lower IL‐12 p40/IL‐10 ratio than non‐smokers ( P < 0.05). Interleukin‐1β production was significantly lower in smokers compared with non‐smokers after stimulation with either LOS or Pg‐SE ( P < 0.05). Interleukin‐6 and IL‐8 production was similar in WBCC from both smokers and non‐smokers, for both LOS and Pg‐SE. Conclusion: A more pronounced Th2 response in smoking periodontitis patients may be related to increased severity of the disease.