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Smoking modulates interleukin‐6:interleukin‐10 and RANKL:osteoprotegerin ratios in the periodontal tissues
Author(s) -
CésarNeto J. B.,
Duarte P. M.,
De Oliveira M. C. G.,
Tambeli C. H.,
Sallum E. A.,
Nociti F. H.
Publication year - 2007
Publication title -
journal of periodontal research
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.31
H-Index - 83
eISSN - 1600-0765
pISSN - 0022-3484
DOI - 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2006.00934.x
Subject(s) - osteoprotegerin , rankl , periodontitis , medicine , interleukin , chronic periodontitis , interleukin 6 , endocrinology , tumor necrosis factor alpha , inflammation , receptor , cytokine , activator (genetics)
Background and Objective: This study evaluated the effect of smoking on the gene expression of interleukin‐1α, ‐1ra, ‐6, ‐8 and ‐10, tumor necrosis factor‐α, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐2 and ‐8, receptor activator of NF‐κB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin, in sites with periodontitis. Material and Methods: Gingival biopsies were divided into three groups: the healthy group (periodontally healthy subjects; n = 10); the periodontitis group [subjects with severe chronic periodontitis who never smoked (probing depth ≥ 7 mm) ( n = 25)]; and the smoking group (subjects diagnosed with severe chronic periodontitis who smoked ≥ 1 pack per day for at least 10 years; n = 25). Gene and protein expressions were analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Results: Data analysis demonstrated that, except for MMP‐8 and osteoprotegerin, the levels of all factors were increased by inflammation ( p < 0.001). The levels of interleukin‐1α, ‐1ra, ‐6 and ‐8, and RANKL, were higher in smokers with periodontitis compared with controls, whereas the levels of interleukin‐10, MMP‐8 and osteoprotegerin were lower ( p < 0.001). Smoking lowered the levels of interleukin‐1α, ‐8, ‐10, tumor necrosis factor‐α, MMP‐8 and osteoprotegerin, and increased the levels of interleukin‐6 and ‐1ra in sites with a comparable type of periodontitis ( p < 0.001). Conclusion: In conclusion, smoking modulates gene expression in the periodontium, and the influence of smoking on periodontal disease may involve effects of interleukin‐6:interleukin‐10 and RANKL:osteoprotegerin ratios.