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Mechanisms of central and peripehral T‐cell tolerance: lessons from experimental models of multiple sclerosis
Author(s) -
Anderton Stephen,
Burkhart Christoph,
Metzler Barbara,
Wraith David
Publication year - 1999
Publication title -
immunological reviews
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 6.839
H-Index - 223
eISSN - 1600-065X
pISSN - 0105-2896
DOI - 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1999.tb01311.x
Subject(s) - experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis , peripheral tolerance , central tolerance , biology , immunology , antigen , epitope , myelin basic protein , clonal deletion , immune tolerance , myelin , multiple sclerosis , t cell receptor , t cell , major histocompatibility complex , microbiology and biotechnology , autoimmune disease , immune system , neuroscience , antibody , central nervous system
Summary: Studies of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in conventional and transgenic mouse models have clarified mechanisms of central and peripheral tolerance to myelin antigens. It is now clear that myelin antigens are expressed in the thymus and their expression can influence generation of the potential autoimmune T‐cell repertoire. How autoreactive T cells escape tolerance in the thymus is largely unclear. One mechanism has been revealed through the use of a transgenic mouse expressing a T‐cell receptor specific for a myelin antigen. T cells specific for the N‐terminal epitope of myelin basic protein escape tolerance through low avidity interaction. The affinity of antigen binding to MHC also proves to be important for induction of peripheral tolerance. Peptides may be administered in solution to adults in order to reinstate peripheral tolerance and suppress disease. Induction of antigen‐specific suppression with synthetic peptides can result in either linked or bystander suppression and this appears to involve the generation of T cells secreting suppressive cytokines. The use of altered peptide ligands fur induction of peripheral tolerance has been investigated. This can be achieved but the complexity of the approach argues against its use for treatment of human autoimmune diseases.