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The antimicrobial peptide pheromone P lantaricin A increases antioxidant defenses of human keratinocytes and modulates the expression of filaggrin, involucrin, β‐defensin 2 and tumor necrosis factor‐α genes
Author(s) -
Marzani Barbara,
Pinto Daniela,
Minervini Fabio,
Calasso Maria,
Di Cagno Raffaella,
Giuliani Giammaria,
Gobbetti Marco,
Angelis Maria
Publication year - 2012
Publication title -
experimental dermatology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.108
H-Index - 96
eISSN - 1600-0625
pISSN - 0906-6705
DOI - 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2012.01538.x
Subject(s) - tumor necrosis factor alpha , microbiology and biotechnology , hyaluronic acid , gene expression , defensin , antimicrobial peptides , involucrin , biochemistry , beta defensin , chemistry , peptide , biology , immunology , keratinocyte , gene , in vitro , genetics
Plantaricin A ( P ln A ) is a peptide with antimicrobial and pheromone activities. PlnA was synthesized chemically and used as a pure peptide or synthesized biologically using L actobacillus plantarum DC 400 co‐cultured with L actobacillus sanfranciscensis DPPMA 174. Cell‐free supernatant ( CFS ) was used as a crude P ln A preparation. As estimated using the 3‐(4,5‐dimethyl‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide and the 2’,7’–dichlorofluorescein diacetate assays, both P ln A preparations increased the antioxidant defenses of human NCTC 2544 keratinocytes. PlnA (10 μg/ml) had a higher activity than hyaluronic acid or 125 μg/ml α‐tocopherol. Effects on the transcriptional regulation of filaggrin ( FLG ), involucrin ( IVL ), hyaluronan synthase ( HAS2 ), human β‐defensin‐2 ( HBD‐2 ) and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha ( TNF‐α ) genes were assayed. Compared with the control, expression of the FLG gene in NCTC 2544 cells increased in cells treated with hyaluronic acid, 1 or 10 μg/ml P ln A . Compared with the control, the level of IVL gene expression increased in NCTC 2544 cells treated with 10 μg/ml P ln A . No significant difference was found between the level of the HAS2 gene expressed by control cells and cells treated with P ln A . Compared with chemically synthesized P ln A , the up‐regulation of the HBD‐2 gene by CFS was higher. Compared with the control, expression of TNF‐α decreased in NCTC 2544 cells after treatment with 1 or 10 μg/ml of chemically synthesized PlnA. In contrast, the level of TNF‐α was highest in the presence of 10 μg/ml CFS‐P ln A . These findings suggest that the P ln A was positively sensed by human keratinocytes, promoting antioxidant defenses, barrier functions and antimicrobial activity of the skin.