Open AccessPredicting range expansion of an ectoparasite – the effect of spring and summer temperatures on deer ked Lipoptena cervi (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) performance along a latitudinal gradient
Author(s) -
Härkönen Laura,
Härkönen Sauli,
Kaitala Arja,
Kaunisto Sirpa,
Kortet Raine,
Laaksonen Sauli,
Ylönen Hannu
Publication year - 2010
Publication title -
ecography
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.973
H-Index - 128
eISSN - 1600-0587
pISSN - 0906-7590
DOI - 10.1111/j.1600-0587.2009.05890.x
Subject(s) - ecology , range (aeronautics) , boreal , biology , latitude , arctic , taiga , host (biology) , geography , geodesy , composite material , materials science
The range expansion of organisms towards higher latitudes and altitudes is often limited by colder temperatures and the shorter growth season. In parasites, survival outside the host is most likely to affect their potential establishment in novel environments. We conducted a large scale transplant experiment to predict the potential spread of the deer ked Lipoptena cervi (Diptera: Hippoboscidae), a blood‐feeding ectoparasite of boreal cervids. We studied the off‐host survival and pupal development of deer ked in five sites along a latitudinal gradient reaching from its current range in central Finland to northernmost Fennoscandia. We showed that the deer ked is able to survive and complete its development even in arctic environments, 500 km northwards beyond the current range. Performance deteriorated steadily towards north, where lower summer temperatures prolonged the developmental period and shortened the suitable host search time by several weeks. The relevance of the experiments for estimating the spread of deer ked to the north is discussed.