Regenerative traits of tree species in a deciduous forest of northeastern North America

I studied the seed rain, seedling bank, newly emerged seedlings, and seed bank of tree species in a deciduous forest of northeastern North America (Québec, Canada). The main objective was to determine to what extent the tree species present on the site differed in some of their regenerative traits. All the species present on the quadrats as mature trees contributed to the annual seed rain, although seed rain was strongly dominated by yellow birch and sugar maple. The seedling bank was mostly composed of red maple and sugar maple, but inputs from the 1988 cohort were mostly red maple and yellow birch seedlings. Seedling mortality was high in general (from 60% to 100%), but sugar maple had the lowest mortality of the tree species present. Two species maintained a seed bank on the study site: yellow birch and american basswood. Some species not present on the quadrats, but having populations nearby, disseminated seeds onto the quadrats (i.e. white ash and grey birch). Other species, not present on the quadrats as mature individuals, had seeds in the seed bank although they did not participate in the seed rain, did not maintain a seedling bank, and did not establish seedlings in 1988 (i.e. pin‐ cherry and Rubus spp.). Red maple, sugar maple, and yellow birch showed contagion in the dispersion pattern of their seeds in the seed rain (and the seed bank for yellow birch), and of their seedlings in the seedling bank and the 1988 cohort. Seedlings of american beech and american basswood of the seedling bank and the 1988 cohort were randomly dispersed over the quadrats, although their seeds in the seed rain had a contagious dispersion pattern. It has often been proposed in the literature that regenerative traits come only in “compatible assemblages” and that, consequently, species may be grouped according to their strategy of regeneration: e.g. species that maintain a seed bank vs those with a seedling bank; species with either a seed or a seedling bank vs those with the ability to sprout. In the community studied, it appears that regenerative traits do not come in neatly packaged exclusive assemblages, although the species do seem to possess different combinations of regenerative traits. However, yearly variations in seed production, seed germination, and seedling survival may render difficult the identification of strategies of regeneration.