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An in vitro study of the use of chelating agents in cleaning nickel‐contaminated human skin: an alternative approach to preventing nickel allergic contact dermatitis
Author(s) -
Healy J.,
Johnson S.,
Little M. C.,
Neil S. Mac
Publication year - 1998
Publication title -
contact dermatitis
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.524
H-Index - 96
eISSN - 1600-0536
pISSN - 0105-1873
DOI - 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1998.tb05889.x
Subject(s) - nickel , chemistry , hacat , nuclear chemistry , chelation , human skin , ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid , contact dermatitis , allergic contact dermatitis , cytotoxicity , in vitro , inorganic chemistry , biochemistry , organic chemistry , allergy , immunology , medicine , biology , genetics
The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of organic ligands in cleaning human skin contaminated with nickel. 4 ligands were investigated, 5‐chloro‐7‐iodoquinolin‐8‐ol (either as HL 1 or NaL 1 ), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (either as H 4 L 2 or Na 2 H 2 L 2 ), sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (NaL 3 ) and ‐histidine (HL 4 ). The cytotoxicity of these ligands was assessed using HaCaT cells (a transformed human keratinocyte cell line). The cytotoxicity order of the ligands was NaL 1 > Na 2 H 2 L 2 > NaL 3 > HL 4 . An in vitro methodology for examining nickel removal from viable human skin was developed. This methodology was then used to compare the efficiency of the ligands in removing nickel from skin, both alone and in combination with soap solutions. HL 1 and NaL 3 were no more effective than control solutions in removing nickel over the pH range 2–11. In contrast, both H 4 L 2 and HL 4 removed between 74 and 87% (mean=82±3%) of nickel from human skin over the same pH range. Nickel removal from skin by sodium lauryl ethoxy sulfate (SLES, the active ingredient in most liquid skin cleansers) was independent of concentration and no more effective than phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS). The amount of nickel removed by PBS solutions of Na 2 H 2 L 2 and HL 4 was significantly greater than the amount removed by SLES and was concentration dependent. An evaluation of nickel removal from skin by commercial solid soap, liquid soap and PBS, both alone and with added Na 2 H 2 L 2 or HL 4 , was conducted. Commercial liquid soap with added HL 4 was more effective than the untreated soap. PBS with either added Na 2 H 2 L 2 or HL 4 was more effective than PBS alone.