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Irritation factors of sodium hypochlorite solutions in human skin
Author(s) -
Hostynek Juraj J.,
Wilhelm Kalaus P.,
Cua AnastasiaB.,
Maibach Howard I.
Publication year - 1990
Publication title -
contact dermatitis
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.524
H-Index - 96
eISSN - 1600-0536
pISSN - 0105-1873
DOI - 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1990.tb05165.x
Subject(s) - bleach , sodium hypochlorite , irritation , chemistry , alkalinity , sodium hydroxide , patch test , hypochlorite , patch testing , hypochlorous acid , skin irritation , contact dermatitis , chromatography , human skin , irritant contact dermatitis , nuclear chemistry , dermatology , organic chemistry , medicine , allergy , immunology , genetics , biology
The recommended concentration for patch testing with sodium hypochlorite [NaOCl] (bleach) is 1% generally obtained by diluting commercial bleach. In doing so, other active (potentially irritant) components of bleach, especially hypochlorous acid [HOCl] and sodium hydroxide [NaOH], are neglected. Magnitudes of potential irritant species other than NaoCl, such as alkalinity, are ordinarily not labeled on the product, though they may vary considerably between brands. Thus, patch testing with 1% hypochlorite obtained by diluting different brand bleaches can potentially elicit non‐specific irritant responses, also depending upon the test volume applied. In this study, skin irritation induced by 24‐h patch testing with 20 μl 100 μl with constant NaOCl concentration (1%) and different NaOH concentrations (0.01–1.0%), was studied in adult human volunteers, by means of visual scores and skin color reflectance measurements. No irritation was elicited by application of 20 μl 1% OCl ‐ , independent of the NaOH concentration. However, all solutions induced significant irritation in a volume of 100 μl. Skin reactions did not show a straight pH dose response, a maximum reaction being seen to the solution containing 0.1% NaOH. Skin surface pH values had increased when monitored immediately after removal of the patch material. However, 24 h later, baseline values were again reached at most sites, demonstrating an efficient buffering capacity of human skin, even after challenge with alkaline solutions of pH 13.4. We suggest that a non‐irritant concentration for diagnostic patch testing for allergic contact dermatitis with an aluminum chamber, using 17 μl to 20 μl test volume, could be as high as 1% NaOCl and 1% NaOH.