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Tobacco smoking and periodontal bone height in a Saudi Arabian population
Author(s) -
Natto Suzan,
Baljoon Mostafa,
Bergström Jan
Publication year - 2005
Publication title -
journal of clinical periodontology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 3.456
H-Index - 151
eISSN - 1600-051X
pISSN - 0303-6979
DOI - 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2005.00813.x
Subject(s) - medicine , dentistry , cigarette smoking , periodontitis
Aim: To study the association between tobacco smoking, in particular water pipe smoking, and periodontal bone height. Methods: A study sample of 355 individuals in the age range 17–60 years was recruited from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The smoking behavior was registered through a questionnaire during interview. Participants were stratified into water pipe smokers (33%), cigarette smokers (20%), mixed smokers (19%) and non‐smokers (28%). The periodontal bone height was measured from digital panoramic radiographs mesially and distally to each tooth and expressed as a percentage of the root length. Results: The mean periodontal bone height was 76.2% for water pipe smokers, 75.8% for cigarette smokers, 80.2% for mixed smokers and 80.9% for non‐smokers. The association between smoking and mean bone height was statistically significant controlling for age ( p <0.001). The association between life‐time smoking exposure and mean bone height controlling for age was statistically significant in water pipe smokers and cigarette smokers ( p <0.01). The prevalence of bone loss in excess of 30% of the bone height was 27% in water pipe smokers, 24% in cigarette smokers, 9% in mixed smokers and 6% in non‐smokers. The prevalence was significantly greater in water pipe smokers and cigarette smokers compared with non‐smokers ( p <0.001). The relative risk of periodontal bone loss associated with water pipe and cigarette smoking after adjustment for age was 3.5‐fold and 4.3‐fold elevated, respectively, compared with non‐smoking ( p <0.01). Conclusion: An association between tobacco smoking and periodontal bone height reduction is observed. The impact of water pipe smoking is of the same magnitude as that of cigarette smoking.