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Anxiety, gingival inflammation and periodontal disease in non‐smokers and smokers – an epidemiological study
Author(s) -
Johannsen Annsofi,
Åsberg Marie,
Söder PerÖsten,
Söder Birgitta
Publication year - 2005
Publication title -
journal of clinical periodontology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 3.456
H-Index - 151
eISSN - 1600-051X
pISSN - 0303-6979
DOI - 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2005.00704.x
Subject(s) - medicine , periodontitis , analysis of variance , anxiety , mann–whitney u test , periodontal disease , dentistry , exact test , chronic periodontitis , disease , gastroenterology , psychiatry
Objectives: The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of anxiety, measured by one single question, on gingival inflammation and periodontal disease in non‐smokers and smokers. Material and Methods: The participants were 144 subjects with untreated periodontal disease 30–40 years of age, and 26 healthy controls, 30–40 years of age. All subjects were clinically examined and answered an uncomplicated question regarding anxiety in every day life, as well as smoking habits. The periodontitis subjects were divided into; an aggressive periodontitis (AP)‐group and a chronic periodontitis (CP)‐group. Fisher's exact probability t ‐test, analysis of variance ( anova ), Mann–Whitney U ‐test and analysis of covariance ( ancova ) were used as statistical methods. Results: Anxious subjects had a significantly higher gingival index than non‐anxious subjects, when controlling for smoking ( p <0.01). The healthy anxious non‐smokers had an average score of GI 1.6 (±0.4 SD) compared with 1.2 (±0.4 SD), p <0.05 for the non‐anxious non‐smokers. Anxious smokers with periodontits (AP‐/CP‐group) had significantly more sites with pockets 5 mm, compared with non‐anxious smokers, ( p <0.05). Conclusions: The results of the present study, suggest that self‐reported anxiety was associated with an adverse affect on the gingiva. Anxiety seemed to be associated with increased severity of periodontal disease in smokers.