Trade‐offs in larval performance on normal and novel hosts

The evolution of host specialization in phytophagous insects is generally thought to involve genetic trade‐offs that prevent individuals from maximizing fitness simultaneously on two or more hosts. Several hypotheses, however, have suggested that trade‐offs may not be evident in experiments comparing larval performance on normal and novel hosts. Tests on survivorship, growth rate, and pupal mass among families of the swallowtail butterfly Papilio oregonius on its normal host and on a novel host provide support for these hypotheses, although they do not discriminate among them. Families differed in their relative performance on the hosts, but there was no evidence of a negative genetic correlation between hosts for any of the measures of performance. In addition, there were no correlations among the different measures, corroborating an earlier result suggesting that these different components of performance in the P. machaon species group are under at least partially separate genetic control. These results and similar results published for other insects have now produced a body of studies indicating that genetic trade‐offs in individual components of larval performance may not be a major factor preventing shifts onto novel host plants. Trade‐offs leading to the evolution of host specialization are more likely to involve coordination among the various components of performance together with ecological factors that allow higher fitness on one host than on others.