Artificial injury experiments on the damaging effect of Leucoptera malifoliella on apple trees

In 1986 and 1987 defoliation experiments on the apple cultivar Herma were performed to simulate the occurrence of Leucoptera malifoliella Costa. Those model experiments were based on investigations on the mine size of Leucoptera malifoliella and yield loss on infested and tagged trees. Defoliation carried out by hand showed that heavy leaf loss reduced fruit number. Insufficient nutrient supply due to reduced leaf area and a consequently smaller leaf‐fruit ratio led to a decrease in mean fruit size and total yield. Heavy leaf loss had also an adverse effect on fruit quality components (dry matter substance, viscosity, total sugar and acid content of fruit juice). This was finally reflected in sensory evaluation criteria. Heavy leaf losses also influenced blossom bud differentiation in the blossom set of the following year. Both number of inflorescences and number of blossoms per inflorescence were reduced. The evaluation of the extent of damage of L. malifoliella was based on previous investigations on reduced leaf area. For L. malifoliella a mean mine size of 0.96 cm 2 was found. This corresponds to a 4.2% loss of leaf area. The leaf‐fruit ratio is of special importance for the evaluation of the extent of damage of leaf‐damaging pests and was used to derive injury threshold ranges for L. malifoliella . Previous investigations on L. malifoliella infestations and the results from the artificial defoliation experiments enabled the determination of preliminary flexible injury thresholds. Depending on leaf‐fruit ratio, yield level, and leaf miner generation, the thresholds vary between 0.1–2.5 eggs and mines per leaf.