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Surface‐enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Trace Identification of Controlled Substances: Morphine, Codeine, and Hydrocodone
Author(s) -
Rana Vinesh,
Cañamares Maria V.,
Kubic Thomas,
Leona Marco,
Lombardi John R.
Publication year - 2011
Publication title -
journal of forensic sciences
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.715
H-Index - 96
eISSN - 1556-4029
pISSN - 0022-1198
DOI - 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2010.01562.x
Subject(s) - raman spectroscopy , hydrocodone , codeine , morphine , chemistry , analytical chemistry (journal) , surface enhanced raman spectroscopy , opioid , chromatography , raman scattering , anesthesia , medicine , optics , biochemistry , physics , oxycodone , receptor
We obtain the normal Raman and surface‐enhanced Raman spectrum of three controlled substances: morphine, codeine, and hydrocodone. The spectra are assigned with the aid of density functional theory. Because of rather intense fluorescence, normal Raman spectra suffer from poor signal‐to‐noise, even when differential subtraction techniques are employed. On the other hand, surface enhancement by Ag nanoparticles both enhances the Raman signal and suppresses the fluorescence, enabling far more sensitive detection and identification. We also present a set of discriminant bands, useful for distinguishing the three compounds, despite the similarities in their structures.