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Electrical Properties of Nb ‐, Ga ‐, and Y ‐Substituted Nanocrystalline Anatase TiO 2 Prepared by Hydrothermal Synthesis
Author(s) -
Hopper E. Mitchell,
Sauvage Frédéric,
Chandiran Aravind Kumar,
Grätzel Michael,
Poeppelmeier Kenneth R.,
Mason Thomas O.
Publication year - 2012
Publication title -
journal of the american ceramic society
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.9
H-Index - 196
eISSN - 1551-2916
pISSN - 0002-7820
DOI - 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2012.05289.x
Subject(s) - nanocrystalline material , hydrothermal circulation , anatase , materials science , chemical engineering , electrical resistivity and conductivity , nuclear chemistry , chemistry , nanotechnology , catalysis , organic chemistry , electrical engineering , photocatalysis , engineering
Nanocrystalline anatase titanium dioxide powders were produced by a hydrothermal synthesis route in pure form and substituted with trivalent Ga 3+ and Y 3+ or pentavalent Nb 5+ with the intention of creating acceptor or donor states, respectively. The electrical conductivity of each powder was measured using the powder‐solution‐composite ( PSC ) method. The conductivity increased with the addition of Nb 5+ from 3 × 10 −3 S/cm to 10 × 10 −3 S/cm in as‐prepared powders, and from 0.3 × 10 −3 S/cm to 0.9 × 10 −3 S/cm in heat‐treated powders (520°C, 1 h). In contrast, substitution with Ga 3+ and Y 3+ had no measureable effect on the material's conductivity. The lack of change with the addition of Ga 3+ and Y 3+ , and relatively small increase upon Nb 5+ addition is attributed to ionic compensation owing to the highly oxidizing nature of hydrothermal synthesis.