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Contribution of Diffused Er 3+ Ions to Refractive Index of LiNbO 3 Crystal and Relation of Li Out‐Diffusion to Er 3+ ‐Diffusion Condition
Author(s) -
Wang Zhen,
Hua PingRang,
Han Fang,
Yu DaoYin,
Pun Edwin YueBun,
Zhang DeLong
Publication year - 2012
Publication title -
journal of the american ceramic society
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.9
H-Index - 196
eISSN - 1551-2916
pISSN - 0002-7820
DOI - 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2012.05136.x
Subject(s) - refractive index , doping , analytical chemistry (journal) , diffusion , annealing (glass) , ion , crystal (programming language) , materials science , birefringence , wavelength , optics , chemistry , mineralogy , optoelectronics , composite material , physics , organic chemistry , chromatography , computer science , thermodynamics , programming language
Contribution of diffused Er 3+ ions to refractive index of LiNbO 3 crystal and relation of Li out‐diffusion to Er 3+ ‐diffusion condition have been studied. Three X ‐cut and three Z ‐cut congruent LiNbO 3 plates locally coated with 10, 15, or 20 nm thick Er metal films were annealed at 1100°C or 1130°C for 60 or 100 h under different atmospheres of surrounding air, wet O 2 or wet Ar . After the anneal, the ordinary and extraordinary refractive indices at Er 3+ ‐doped and Er ‐free parts of crystal surface were characterized at the 633, 1311, and 1553 nm wavelengths by measurement of critical angle. The difference of surface index values at the Er 3+ ‐doped and Er ‐free parts enables to identify the Er 3+ ‐doping effect on substrate index. From the known birefringence, the surface Li 2 O contents at the Er 3+ ‐doped and Er ‐free parts were evaluated. A comparison with the Li 2 O content data before the anneal treatment allows to obtain the anneal‐induced Li 2 O loss and hence identify the anneal condition effect on the Li out‐diffusion. The results show that the contribution of Er 3+ ‐doping to the ordinary index is within the measurement error of 1 × 10 −3 and that to the extraordinary index is within ± 1.7 × 10 −3 , which is just slightly out of the measurement error. The diffusion temperature is while the diffusion environment is not the key factor responsible for the Li 2 O out‐diffusion.