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Processing of Manganese‐Doped [Bi 0.5 Na 0.5 ]TiO 3 Ferroelectrics: Reduction and Oxidation Reactions During Calcination and Sintering
Author(s) -
Aksel Elena,
Jakes Peter,
Erdem Emre,
Smyth Donald M.,
Ozarowski Andrew,
van Tol Johan,
Jones Jacob L.,
Eichel RüdigerA.
Publication year - 2011
Publication title -
journal of the american ceramic society
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.9
H-Index - 196
eISSN - 1551-2916
pISSN - 0002-7820
DOI - 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2010.04249.x
Subject(s) - manganese , calcination , electron paramagnetic resonance , sintering , materials science , doping , inorganic chemistry , oxidation state , titanium , acceptor , catalysis , chemistry , metallurgy , nuclear magnetic resonance , metal , biochemistry , optoelectronics , physics , condensed matter physics
The effect of multivalent manganese doping on the defect structure is studied for the “lead‐free” piezoelectric [Bi 0.5 Na 0.5 ]TiO 3 (BNT) by means of high‐frequency electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The results show that manganese is incorporated with di‐ and trivalent oxidation states on a titanium site, acting as an acceptor (Mn ′ Ti , Mn ′′ Ti ). In particular, it is demonstrated that during calcination at 800°C the manganese functional centers are oxidized to Mn 3+ . Subsequent to the sintering at 1100°C, part of the trivalent manganese centers are reduced back to the initial Mn 2+ ‐oxidation state.